উদীয়মান ও অবক্ষয়ী পুঁজিতন্ত্রে শিল্প: একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত নোট

 

উদীয়মান ও অবক্ষয়ী পুঁজিতন্ত্রে শিল্প: একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত নোট

লেখক: মার্ক হায়েস     অনুবাদ: স ম আজাদ

"নয়া শিল্পের বিকাশে, এর সকল উৎসাবলী চিহ্নিতকরণে, পথের একটি সমালোচনামূলক উদ্ভাসন দিয়ে সবচেয়ে প্রগতিশীল প্রবণতাসমূহকে সহায়তাকরণে মার্কসিয় পদ্ধতি একটি সুযোগের যোগান দেয়, কিন্তু এটি তার থেকে বেশি কিছু করে না। শিল্পকে অবশ্যি এর নিজের পথ তৈরী করে নিতে হয় এবং এর নিজের উপায় দ্বারা।" (ত্রৎস্কি, শিল্পের প্রতি কমিউনিস্ট নীতিমালা, ১৯২৩)
"সংস্কৃতির সবচেয়ে জটিল, সবচেয়ে সংবেদনশীল অংশ হলো শিল্প এবং একই সময়ে সবচেয়ে কম রক্ষিত, বুর্জোয়া সমাজের অধোগতি এবং পরিক্ষয় (decline and decay) থেকে এটি সবচেয়ে বেশী ভোগে।" (ত্রৎস্কি, আমাদের যুগের শিল্প ও রাজনীতি, ১৯৩৮) 

1| cyuwRZ‡š¿ wkí

cyuwRZ‡š¿i DÌvb Drcv`‡bi Af~Zc~e©, GLb ch©šÍ AKíbxq kw³mg~n AevwiZ K‡i †`q| GwU Aw¯ÍZ¡vqb K‡i bqv Abyf~wZmg~‡ni, bqv fvemg~‡ni, †m¸‡jv‡K cÖKvkKi‡Y wkíx‡`i Rb¨ bqv Dcvqmg~nmn| `ywbqvi mgMÖ f~c„‡ô Drcv`‡bi GB bqv ai‡bi m¤úªmviY Ges gvbe AwfÁZvi mKj †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖ‡ekb (penetration) RvZxq ms¯‹…wZmg~n Ges ¯’vbxq  AcwieZ©bkxj ÷vBjmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi cÖwZeÜKmg~n‡K Ae‡jvcb K‡i, GKwU GKK wek¦ ms¯‹…wZ m„Rb K‡i|

cÖwZwbqZ Drcv`‡bi wecøevqb Ges Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×KiY Øviv cyuwRZš¿ cyivZb, Abgbxq mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejx aŸsm K‡i Ges wkímn mewKQz cY¨vwqZ K‡i| G ch©šÍ ÔkÖ‡×qÕ I Ôm¤§vwbZÕ `ÿ KvwiMi whwb LwiÏv‡ii Rb¨ mivmwi m„Rb K‡ib, ‡mB wkíx Av‡iv †ekx K‡i †eZb‡fvMx gRywi kÖwg‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ nb hvi Drcv`mg~n mivmwi bvg‡MvÎnxb evRv‡i wbwÿß nq Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wbqgvejxi Aaxb¯’ n‡q c‡o|

wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e Gi e¨envi A_ev e¨w³ cyuwRcwZi GKvšÍ Rxe‡bi AjsKi‡Yi evB‡i, cyuwRZš¿ mnRvZfv‡e wk‡íi cÖwZ kÎæfvevcbœ| KviY cyuwRi GKK cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK ej n‡jv Gi wb‡Ri Rb¨ cyuwRi mÂqb, Zv †_‡K wkí wPËwe‡ÿcK| AwaKš‘, †kvlYKvix e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e cyuwRZš¿ †gŠwjKfv‡e gvbeZvi ¯^v_©mg~‡ni cÖwZ ˆeixfvevcbœ Ges ZvB †miv wk‡íi gvbeZvev`x Av`k©mg~‡ni cÖwZI GwU ˆeix fvevcbœ| GB wkíwU hZB m‡PZb n‡e, ZZB GwU avweZ n‡e cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri AgvbweKZvmg~‡ni weiæ‡× cÖwZev‡`| GBfv‡e, gnr wkíxMY Zuv‡`i hy‡Mi Ges †kÖYx Dr‡mi mxgve×Zvmg~n AwZµg‡Y mg_© nb Ges cyuwRZ‡š¿i Acivamg~n I gvbweK Uª¨v‡RwWmg~‡ni weiæ‡× kw³kvjx cÖwZev` M‡o †Zv‡jb (M¨vq‡U, evjRvK, Mqv)|

cyuwRZš¿ I gvbeZvi g‡a¨ GB ‰eixZv (antagonism) cy‡ivcywi `„k¨gvb nqwb Drcv`‡bi bqv ai‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©vqmg~‡n hLb ey‡R©vqv †kÖYx ZLb ch©šÍ mvgšÍZvwš¿K me©vZ¥Kev‡`i (feudal absolutism) weiæ‡× wecøex msMÖv‡g wb‡qvwRZ| gnr wkí GB bqv †kvlK †kÖYxi cÖMwZkxj ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K g~j¨‡evamg~n cÖwZdj‡b mg_©| G‡`i kw³ I AvZ¥wek¦vm Ges D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZv ‡i‡bmuvi wkívR©b m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j Gi wb‡R‡`i kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi A‡bK c~‡e©B|

2. ey‡R©vqv wecø‡ei hy‡M wkí

ey‡R©vqv MYZvwš¿K wecøemg~‡ni Kv‡j (1776-1848) wkí ZLb ch©šÍ mg_© wQj ey‡R©vqv †kÖYxi wecøex jÿ¨vejx cÖKv‡k, wKš‘ cyuwRZ‡š¿i †bvsiv ev¯ÍeZvmg~n B‡Zvg‡a¨ ¯úó cÖZxqgvb| ‡ivgvw›UKZvev` (‡eøK, M¨vq‡U, Mqv, cykwKb, †kjx, Uvibvi cÖgyL) cÖwZdwjZ K‡i GB Kv‡ji ci¯úi we‡ivax ˆewkó¨, GwU wk‡í mvgšÍ I AwfRvZ g~j¨‡evamg~nB †KejgvÎ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i bv, m‡½ m‡½ wkí I e¨w³i Ici cyuwRZvwš¿K wkívq‡bi wbg©g djvd‡ji weiæ‡× Av‡ewMKfv‡e cÖwZev` K‡i| bqv †kvlK †kÖYxi Ô‡hŠw³KZvÕi (rationality) weiæ‡×, †ivgvw›UKZvev` hyw³ †`q welqxMZ AwfÁZv, Kíbv Ges cÖK…wZi gwngvgqZvi Rb¨, Gi cÖ‡Yv`bv A‡š^lY K‡i ga¨ hyM, cyivY I ‡jvK wkí †_‡K| GwU ivR‰bwZKfv‡e cÖvqB cÖwZwµqvkxj, ‡`L‡Z cðvrc` Avw½K (form) MÖnY K‡i, wKš‘ GwU mywbw`©ó wecøex cÖeYZvi Rb¥ †`q, †hwU AvšÍR©vwZKZvev`x, mvg¨ev`x iƒcKí cÖKvk K‡i (nvB‡b, ‡eøK, evqib, †kjx)| GB cÖeYZvi me‡P‡q cÖMvp KweZ¡gq AšÍ`„©wómg~n ‡_‡K G·‡cÖkwbRg I civev¯Íeev‡`i cieZ©xKv‡ji fvemg~n Ges gvK©mev` I g‡bvwe‡køl‡Yi ZvwË¡K weKvk m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvm cvIqv hvq|

GKevi GwU ÿgZvq G‡j Ges cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ HwZnvwmK i½g‡Â Avwef©~Z n‡j, ey‡R©vqv †kÖYx Gi cÖMwZkxj g~j¨‡ev‡ai †cvlvK Ly‡j †d‡j Ges wecø‡ei mvgwMÖK aviYv‡K Kei ‡`q Gi ‡kÖYx kvm‡bi cÖwZ cÖvYNvZx wec` wn‡m‡e| GB ch©vq †_‡K, ev¯ÍeZv Dcjwä‡Z Ges gvbeZvi cÖwZ AvMÖn cÖKv‡k wk‡íi cÖ‡Póvmg~n Awbevh©fv‡e cyuwRZvwš¿K fvev`‡k©i mv‡_ msN‡l© wjß nq|

3. AvaywbK ey‡R©vqv wk‡íi Rb¥

ey‡R©vqv AvaywbK wk‡íi mywbw`©óvwqZ ˆewkó¨ nj GB †h GwU `„k¨gvb nq wVK cyuwRZ‡š¿i Av‡iv cÖMwZkxj weKvk Zvi wkL‡i DcbxZ nIqvi Rb¨ kZ©vejx wn‡m‡e|

        BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi me‡P‡q AMÖmi †`k¸‡jv‡Z ga¨ Ewbk kZK bvMv` wkí cyuwRZ‡š¿i wm×vwšÍK weRq cÖwZdwjZ nq weÁvb I `k©‡b hyw³ev`x, cÖZ¨ÿev`x I e¯‘ev`x (rationalist, positivist and materialist) fvev`k©mg~‡ni µ‡gvbœwZ‡Z, Ges wk‡í ev¯Íeev`x A_ev cÖK…wZev`x (realist or naturalist) `„wófw½mg~‡ni cÖmv‡i| gvK©m I G‡½jm mvwn‡Z¨ ev¯Íeev`‡K wek¦ wk‡íi †kÖôZg AR©b wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib (Flaubert, Balzac, Elliot)| `„k¨ wk‡í (Courbet, Millet, Degas) ev¯Íeev` nj aªæc`x wkí, Ges †ivgvw›UKZvev‡`i ga¨Kvi fvev‡eMev` (emotionalism) I AvZ¥gvwÎKZvev‡`i (subjectivism) cÖwZ cÖwZwµqv| GwU cwie‡Z© mZ¨ I ï×Zvi (truth and accuracy) jÿ¨vejxi `„p †NvlYv †`q,  G ch©šÍ Ae‡nwjZ kÖwgK †kÖYxi Rxe‡bi wZ³ ev¯ÍeZvmg~n Ges cÖwZw`bKvi Rxe‡bi `„k¨vejx wPÎvqb K‡i| †h †Kv‡bv wkí †hwU cywRuZ‡š¿ Rxe‡bi K`vKvi ev¯ÍeZvmg~n wPÎvqb K‡i Zv msÁvbymv‡i ey‡R©vqv †kÖYxi wbKU wecøex Ges cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡Z n‡e|

        GB hyM Av‡iv cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i kÖwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi µge„w×, Ges Kv‡RB GwU †gv‡UB Abvðh©Ki bq †h ev¯Íeev` GKwU wecøex cÖeYZvi Rb¥ †`q| GB cÖeYZvwU mywbw`©ófv‡e kÖwgK †kÖYx Ges mgvRZ‡š¿i msMÖv‡gi m‡½ GKvZ¥Zv‡eva K‡i| d«v‡Ýi ev¯Íeev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv Courbet †NvlYv †`b: ÒAvwg †KejgvÎ GKRb mgvRZš¿xB bB, m‡½ m‡½ GKRb MYZš¿x I GKRb cÖRvZš¿x, GK K_vq, wecø‡ei GKRb cvwU©Rvb Ges, m‡e©vcwi, GKRb ev¯Íeev`x, A_©vr, cÖK…Z m‡Z¨i AvšÍwiK eÜz|Ó

        wkíKviLvbv I bMi mgv‡Ri µge„w×, bqv cÖvhyw³K weKvkmg~n Ges ˆeÁvwbK Avwe®‹vimg~n (d‡UvMÖvwd I AcwUKm), evwb‡R¨i wek¦vqb (Rvcvwb wcÖ‡›Ui cÖfv‡ei †ÿ‡Î ‡`Lv hvq) Ges bqv wk‡íi Rb¨ c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e ga¨ †kÖYxi e„w×Ñ GB cÖcÂwbP‡qi cÖwZ wkívwqZ cÖZz¨Ëi nj B‡¤úªkwbRg (Pissaro, Manet, Degas, Cézanne, Monet)| GwU mZ¨ I ky×Zvi cÖwZ A½xKvi Ae¨vnZ iv‡L, Av‡›`vjb I Av‡jvi welqx Dcjwäi (subjective perception) Ici Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i: ÒhLb cyivZb GKv‡Wwgq ÷vBj e‡j ÔGB n‡jv wewamg~n (A_ev B‡gRmg~n) †h¸‡jvi mnvqZvq cÖK…wZ‡K Aewk¨ wPÎvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡eÕ, Ges cÖK…wZev` e‡j ÔGB n‡jv cÖK…wZÕ, ZLb B‡¤úªkwbRg e‡j ÔGB n‡jv Kxfv‡e Avwg cÖK…wZ †`wLÕ| B‡¤úªkwbq w_g I cÖfve m½x‡Z (Debussy, Ravel) Ges mvwn‡Z¨I (Lawrence, Conrad) †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|

        GKwU h_v_© AvaywbK ey‡R©vqv wkí Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e, B‡¤úªkwbRg nj GKwU Ø›ØvZ¥K weKvk| †i‡bmuvi aªæcw` wkí cÖKvk K‡i GKwU H‡K¨i ‡gŠwjK †eva (an underlying sense of unity) hv D™¢~Z nq wecøex ey‡R©vqv †kÖYxi iƒcKí I AvZ¥wek¦vm (vision and confidence) †_‡K, Ab¨w`‡K B‡¤úªkwbRg cÖwZdwjZ K‡i cyuwRZ‡š¿i weRq Ges wkí mgv‡R e¨w³i GKKvqb (atomisation)| wb‡R‡K welqx A_ev ms‡e`bvZ¥K Dcjwäi Dci wfwË K‡i GwU m½wZc~Y©fv‡e ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i ‡RvovZvwji welq wn‡m‡e:

ÒGes myZivs B‡¤úªkwbRg wQj, GK A‡_©, cwiÿq, cwiLÛvqb I `ywbqvi wegvbweKi‡Yi jÿY| wKš‘ GKB mv‡_ GwU wQj ey‡R©vqv cyuwRZ‡š¿i `xN© ÔcÖwZ‡hvwMZvnxb mgqÕ (close season) . . . ey‡R©vqv wk‡íi GKwU ‡MŠiegq Pig cwiYwZ, GKwU †mvbvwj kir, GKwU wej¤^vwqZ dmj (late harvest), wkíx‡`i wbKU cÖvcYxq Awfe¨w³i Dcvqmg~‡ni cÖPÛ mg„w×|Ó   

4| cyuwRZvwš¿K Av‡ivn‡Yi mgvcwb‡Z wkí   

1890 I 1914 ga¨Kvi mgqKvj AwfwnZ Kiv nq Z_vKw_Z Ô†mvbvwj hyMÕ ‘Belle Époque’ or ‘Gilded Age’ wn‡m‡e| GB hyM cyuwRZš¿‡K `„k¨Z cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i Gi me‡P‡q Avkve¨ÄK I cÖvhyw³Kfv‡e AMÖmi Ae¯’vq, we‡klZ kw³kvjx A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× mnKv‡i †hwU wkívwqZ I ˆeÁvwbK weKvkvejxi De©i kZ©vejx m„Rb K‡i (d«‡q‡Wi Ae‡PZb ZË¡, †Kvqv›Uvg I Av‡cwÿK ZË¡)| wKš‘ c„ôZ‡ji wb‡P GwU nj hš¿YvKi AwbðqZv I msk‡qi hyM, GwU‡Z mgiev` I mv¤ªvR¨ev`x D‡ËRbvi DÌvb N‡U, mgv‡R ivóªxq n¯’‡ÿ‡ci cÖmvi N‡U Ges e¨vcK kÖwgK †kÖYxi msMÖvg ‡`Lv ‡`q: G meB cyuwRZ‡š¿i Mfx‡i µge„w×gvb msK‡Ui mKj jÿYvejx|

            GB hy‡M D™¢~Z wkí Av‡›`vjb (wKDweRg, G·‡cÖkwbRg, wm¤^wjRg) Awbevh©fv‡e GB Ø›Ømg~n cÖwZdwjZ K‡i, GwU GKB mv‡_ cÖMwZkxj ey‡R©vqv wk‡íi PzovšÍ cÖùzUvqb Ges Gi mgvwßi cÖv_wgK jÿYmg~nI cÖKvk K‡i| wKDweRg (Picasso, Braque) cÖ`k©b K‡i me©‡kl ˆeÁvwbK I `vk©wbK ZË¡wbP‡qi cÖfve, GKwU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K welqmg~‡ni eY©bv cwiZ¨vM K‡i GwU Zv‡`i we‡køwlZ, wehy³ K‡i weg~Z© iƒ‡c cybmwbœweó K‡i eûgvwÎK `„wó‡KvYmg~n ‡_‡K| G·‡cÖkwbRg m¤ú~Y©Z ev¯Íeev`‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i, †fŠZ ev¯ÍeZvi ‡_‡K eis eY©bv K‡i welqx A_© (subjective meaning) A_ev Av‡ewMK AwfZÁZv| GwU cÖfvekvjx mvwn‡Z¨ (KvdKv), m½x‡Z (Schoenberg, Webern, Berg) †hLv‡b GwU HwZwn¨K my‡ijv fve‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i †emy‡iv fve I Awg‡ji Rb¨| inm¨ev` I Kíbvi c‡ÿ, ev¯Íeev` I cÖK„wZev‡`i wec‡ÿ cÖZxKev` (Baudelaire, Verlaine) n‡jv GKwU Kvwe¨K cÖwZwµqv, hv‡K cieZ©x‡Z eY©bv Kiv nq Òwejywßi w`‡K avweZ welqmg~‡ni w`‡K GKwU ¯^cœvwqZ cÖZ¨veZ©bÓ wn‡m‡e|

ey‡R©vqv AvaywbK wk‡íi ga¨Kvi GKwU i¨vwWK¨vj cÖeYZv n‡jv GwU wb‡R‡`i‡K †`‡L GKwU bqv wkívwqZ g~j¨‡eva mnKv‡i cÖMwZkxj mgv‡Ri Avfuv Mv`© (avant garde) wn‡m‡e| Zviv hyw³ †`b †h cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri AvaywbKvq‡b wk‡íi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| ‡fZi †_‡K cyuwRZ‡š¿i ms¯‹vivq‡bi m¤¢vebvwbPq wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z GB ÔAvaywbKZvev`xÕ Avfuv Mv`©I cÖvq mgvwßi w`‡K| we‡klZ BZvwj I ivwkqv‡Z wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡M wdDPvwiRg (Marinetti, Mayakovsky, Malevich) wPÎKjv, KweZv, ¯’vcZ¨ I m½x‡Z cÖfve`vqx wQj| GwU †hŠeb, `ªæwZ, MwZkxjZv Ges ÿgZvi gZb cyuwRZvwš¿K cÖMwZi w_‡gi cÖZxKmg~n †MŠievwqZ K‡i| wKš‘ we‡klZ Rvgvwb©‡Z, Ab¨ AvaywbKZvev`x aviv (Munch’s ‘The Scream’) cyuwRZvwš¿K ÔAvaywbKZvev`ÕGi AwaK mgv‡jvPbvq gyLi Ges ey‡R©vqv mgvR Rxe‡bi ciKxKiY Awfe¨³ K‡i|        

5| ey‡R©vqv AvaywbK wk‡íi mgvwß

cÖ_g wek¦ hy‡×i cÖvi‡¤¢ GB AvaywbKZvev`x Avfuv Mv`©MY wef³ nb| GKwU Ask cyuwRZvwš¿K cÖMwZi gwngvwš^ZKvi‡K cwiYZ nb, †hgb gvwi‡bwË I BZvwjq wdDPvwi÷MY, Giv Drmvne¨ÄKiƒ‡c ee©iZvev‡`i (Ges c‡i d¨vwmev‡`i mv‡_) cÿ †bb| iæk wdDPvwi÷MY I Rvg©vb G·‡cÖkwb÷M‡Yi gZb AwaKZi i¨vwWK¨vj cÖeYZvmg~n hy‡×i we‡ivaxZv K‡i, Ges Kg-‡ekx wØavwš^Zfv‡e I AvswkKfv‡e cÖ‡jwZvwiq Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z nIqv ïiæ K‡i|      

        hy‡×i cÖwZ cÖ_g mywbw`©ó wkívwqZ cÖwZwµqv nj `v`v| GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK hy×-we‡ivax I cuywRZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e `v`v hyׇÿ‡Î nZ¨vKvÛ‡K †`‡L mKj ey‡R©vqv ms¯‹…wZi †`Iwjqv‡Z¡i cÖgvY wn‡m‡e| Gi ÔKg©m~PxÕ ˆbivR¨ev‡`i wbKUeZ©x: ms¯‹…wZi aŸsm Ges wk‡íi D‡”Q`, Ges Gi Abykxjb wek„•Ljv I A‡hŠw³KZv‡K (chaos and irrationality) Avwj½b K‡i (msev`cÎmg~n †_‡K KvUv G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e ms‡hvwRZ kãvejx w`‡q m„wRZ KweZvejx, BZ¨vw`)| evwj©b `v`vev`xMY (Heartfield, Grosz, Dix, Ernst) kÖwgK †kÖYxi hy×-we‡ivax msMÖvgmg~‡ni Av‡iv wbKUeZ©x| Zviv GgbwK wb‡R‡`i ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡i Ges Rvg©vb wecøe‡K mwµqfv‡e mg_©b †`q|

                  A‡±vei 1917 iæk wecøe wQj hy‡×vËi wecøex Zi½ Ges Avfuv Mv`©MY KZ…©K gyw³ wkí m„Rb cÖ‡Póvmg~‡ni me‡P‡q DuPz ch©vq| ‡mvwf‡qZ KZ…©K ÿgZv `L‡ji c‡i mswÿß mgqKv‡ji Rb¨ wecyjvqZ‡b ˆkwíK wbixÿv I Kg©KvÛ †`Lv hvq, Gi AwaKvsk wb‡Riv mywbw`©ófv‡e wecø‡ei mv‡_ GKvZ¥ nq| ZiæY †mvwf‡qZ iv‡óªi ZË¡veav‡b Ges ej‡kwfK cvwU© †_‡K mgv‡jvPbvg~jK mg_©‡b iæk Avfuv Mv‡`©i GKvsk (wdDPvwi÷, †cÖvWvw±wf÷, Kb÷ªvw±wf÷) gvqv‡Kvfw¯‹i ‡NvlYv ÒivRc_ Avgv‡`i eªvk, †¯‹vqvi Avgv‡`i c¨v‡jUÓ Øviv AbycÖvwYZ nb Ges Ôweï×Õ wkí cwiZ¨vM K‡ib, Gi cwie‡Z© Zuviv ¯’vcZ¨, wkí bKkv (industrial design), Pjw”PÎ, weÁvcb, AvmevecÎ, c¨v‡KwRs I e¯¿m¤¢vi MÖnY K‡ib ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi iƒcvšÍi‡Y wkí e¨enviKi‡Yi ewY©Z jÿ¨ mn| ms¯‹…wZ I wk‡íi fwel¨‡Zi Ici DËß weZK© cwijwÿZ nq| mKj c~e©eZx© ms¯‹…wZ cwiZ¨v‡Mi cÖeYZv cÖ`k©bKvix cÖfve`vqx ‡cÖv‡jZKvë Av‡›`vjb (Proletkult movement,) GKwU bqv wecøex, cÖ‡jZvwiq bv›`wbKZv m„Rb Ki‡Z Pvq, Ab¨w`‡K Îrw¯‹i gZb Ab¨iv cÖ‡jZvwiq ms¯‹…wZi mvgwMÖK aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i GKwU bqv wecøex wk‡íi DÌvb mg_©b K‡ib, Ges GwUi Avmbœ `„k¨gvbZv cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib|

            cyuwRZ‡š¿i wfwˇZ SuvKzwb †`qv 1917-23Gi wecøex Zi‡½i †cÖÿvc‡U GwU‡K Aev¯ÍweK e‡j cªZxqgvb nq bv| mKj ey‡R©vqv ms¯‹…wZ I wkí m¤ú‡K© `v`v KZ©„K †`qv wee„wZ wek¦ ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡qZ KZ©„K Rvg©vwb, weª‡Ub, Av‡gwiKv BZ¨vw`‡Z cvjbK…Z n‡e e‡j g‡b nq|

            wKš‘ iæk `y‡M©i wew”QbœKi‡Y, Ges BD‡iv‡c ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi wecøex cÖ‡Póvmg~‡ni civR‡q AvaywbKZvev`x wbixÿ‡Yi Rb¨ ej‡kwfK‡`i cÖ_g w`‡Ki mg_©b cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq wfbœg‡Zi cÖwZ wbh©vZb Ges ewa©Z ivóªxq wbqš¿Y Øviv hLb ¯Ívwjwbq cÖwZwecøe Gi ÿgZv‡K cvKv‡cv³ K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e, cÖwZwµqvkxj ivóªxq cyuwRZvwš¿K †iwRgmg~n †hgb ¯Ívwjwbq, d¨vwmev`x (we‡klZ BZvwj‡Z) A_ev ‡mvk¨vj †W‡gvµvwUK-G‡`i Øviv AvaywbKZvev` Ae‡k‡l GKwU miKvwi ¯’vcwZ¨K ÷vBj wn‡m‡e AvZ¥xK…Z n‡q wbt‡kwlZ nq|      

                

6| wkí Ges cyuwRZvwš¿K cÖwZwecøe                

MfxivwqZ ey‡R©vqv cÖwZwecø‡e, wU‡K _vKv KwgDwb÷ we‡ivax‡`i gZb wkívwqZ Avfuv Mv`© g~jZ GKB cQ‡›`i m¤§yLxb nq: Gi ÔmgvRZvwš¿K ev¯Íeev`Õ Kvh©KiKiY mn ¯Ívwjwbq mgMÖZvev‡`i wbKU AvZ¥mgc©b, wbieZv A_ev wbe©vmb| d¨vwmev‡`i DÌv‡b BD‡ivwcq wkívwqZ Avfuv Mv`©MY ewa©Zfv‡e wbe©vm‡b eva¨ nq Ges/A_ev GKwU ¯úó ivR‰bwZK we‡ivaxZvg~jK `„wófw½ MÖnY K‡i|

            civev¯Íeev` (Breton, Aragon, Ernst, Péret, Dali, Miró, Duchamp) DwÌZ nq `v`v †_‡K, wKš‘ †KejgvÎ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq hLb wecø‡ei Rb¨ ev¯ÍweK my‡hvMmg~n B‡Zvg‡a¨ Acm„qgvb| GwU GKwU ¯úó wecøex wkívwqZ Av‡›`vjb †hwU ¯Ívwjbev‡`i ivR‰bwZK we‡ivax‡`i mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e mn‡hvMxZve×| civev¯Íeev` Gi aviYvejx AvniY K‡i d«‡qwWq g‡bvwe‡kølY I gvK©mev` †_‡K Ges Ae‰PZb¨‡K gy³Ki‡Y gy³ msNe×vqb (free association), ¯^cœwe‡kølY, mgvšÍivjZv (juxtaposition) I ¯^qswµqZvi (automatism) e¨env‡i ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i| Mfxi civR‡qi mg‡q cyuwRZ‡š¿i Af¨šÍ‡i Gi GKwU ¯’vqx wecøex ˆkwíK Abykxjb eRvq ivLvi cÖ‡Póv GwU‡K cwiÿq I cwiYvg¯^iƒc cybiæ×vi cÖeY iv‡L| wKš‘ civev¯Íeev`x aviYvejxi wecyj cÖfve we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q `„k¨-Kjv, mvwnZ¨, wdj¥, I m½x‡Z, GgbwK `k©b Ges ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Z‡Ë¡|

            1930Gi `k‡K ey‡R©vqv cÖwZwecø‡ei weR‡q wf³i mvR© wjwLZ ÒkZvãxi ga¨ivwÎÓ-‡Z (Midnight in the century) Avgiv cyuwRZvwš¿K ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Aeÿ‡qi mKj aªæc`x jÿYmg~‡ni c~Y© cÖùzUvqb (full flowering) †`wL:

            Òfvev`k© †f‡½ c‡o, cyivZb ˆbwZK g~j¨‡evamg~n wbt‡kwlZ, wkívwqZ m„RbkxjZv wbðj n‡q c‡o A_ev we`¨gvb mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi wecix‡Z KvR K‡i, A¯úóZvev` I `vk©wbK nZvkvev‡`i (obscurantism and philosophical pessimism) weKvk msNwUZ nq| . . . wkí †ÿ‡Î, Aeÿq ¯^qs cÖKvkK…Z nq we‡klZ Zxeª Dcv‡q (particularly violent way)| . . Aeÿ‡qi Ab¨vb¨ hyMmg~‡ni gZb, wkí hw` AZx‡Zi Avw½Kmg~‡ni GKwU wPišÍb cybive„wˇZ ¯’wei bv nq, Z‡e GwU we`¨gvb k„•Ljvi weiæ‡× (against existing order) GKwU `„wófw½ A‡š^lY K‡i, A_ev GwU cÖvqB ‡KejgvÎ wefxwlKvi wPrKv‡ii Awfe¨w³ n‡q `uvovq|Ó

Aeÿq GKwU h_v_© gyw³Kvgx wk‡íi Rb¨ AwaKZi Riæix cÖ‡qvRb m„wó K‡i, wKš‘ e¨e¯’vwUi Mfxivwfg~Lx msKU Ges ey‡R©vqv mgv‡Ri Ici Gi cÖfvemg~‡ni A_© n‡jv GB †h G ai‡Yi wk‡íi Avwef©~Z nIqvi Rb¨ b~¨bZg kZ©vejx µgvMZfv‡e `ye©jvwqZ, hLb i¨vwWK¨vj †cwUey‡R©vqv †kÖYx‡Z wk‡íi HwZwn¨K  mvgvwRK wfwË GgbwK Av‡iv ÿqK…Z Ges kÖwgK †kÖYxi MYRxeb †_‡K wew”Qbœ|

GB Ae¯’vmg~‡ni †cÖÿvc‡U †h wkí Ôwe`¨gvb k„•Ljvi weiæ‡× GKwU `„wófw½ MÖn‡Y A‡š^lYiZÕ Zv wb‡R‡K ewa©Zfv‡e wew”QbœK…Z †`‡L, A_ev GKwU ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZwµqvkxj ivR‰bwZK †Mvôx KZ©„K GwU cybiæ×viK…Z nq †cÖvcvMvÛv wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii Rb¨ (wcKv‡mvi Ô¸‡qiwbKvÕ)| †h wkí cyuwRZvwš¿K ee©iZvi cÖwZ wewfwlKvgq wPrKvi K‡i Zv GKBfv‡e wb‡R‡K cyuwRZ‡š¿i b„ksmZvmg~‡ni m¤ú~Y© gvÎv w`‡q ewa©ZgvÎvq bcysmK wn‡m‡e cwi‡ewkZ n‡Z †`‡L: wØZxq wek¦hy× (1914-18-‡Z `yB †KvwUi Zzjbvq Qq †KvwUi Ici g„Zz¨, AwaKvsk †emvgwiK), bvrwm g„Zz¨ wkweimg~n, wn‡ivwkgv I bvMvkvwK, nvgeyM©, †Wªm‡Wb, ¯Ívwj‡bi ¸iæZi Acivamg~n . . .| A¨vWv‡b©vi fvlvq ejv hvq, ADmDB‡Ri c‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ we`¨gvb ee©i ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cybivq Ae`vb e¨wZ‡i‡K KweZv †jLv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|

wKš‘ cyuwRZvwš¿K Aeÿq GB A_© K‡i bv †h Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~n ¯’wei n‡q c‡o| DØZ©‡bi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vwU‡K Aewk¨ Drcv`b‡K wecøexKiY Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z nq Ges Drcv`bkxjZv‡K evov‡Z nq| eis, Avgiv ewa©Zfv‡e hv †`wL Zvn‡jv gvK©‡mi fvlvq Ôcwiÿq wn‡m‡e weKvkÕ (development as decay)| GKBfv‡e wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wkívwqZ ¯‹zjmg~‡ni GKwU AMÖMwZ envj †`wL, AskZ bqv cÖvhyw³K weKvkmg~n I mgv‡R cwieZ©‡bi cÖZz¨Ë‡i, wKš‘ GwU‡K ewa©Zfv‡e ˆewkó¨vwqZ Kiv hvq c~e©eZ©x ÷vBjmg~‡ni GKwU wÿß cybiveZ©b, Avkv I wbivkvi ga¨Kvi Zxeª gvbwmK Ae¯’vi Av‡jvob, LÛvqb, Ges Gi mvgwMÖK weKv‡ki c~‡e©B cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯‹z‡ji fv½b I Aejywß w`‡q| gvbe m„RbkxjZv KL‡bv wbt‡kwlZ nq bv, wKš‘ GwU wb‡R‡K ewa©Zfv‡e †`L‡Z cvq `wgZ, LvZK…Z (channelled), cÖwZeÜKvwqZ (blocked) Ges `yb©xwZMÖ¯’ wn‡m‡e| Avgiv GL‡bv wkívwqZ weKvkmg~n (R¨vR), Ges bqv †UKwbKmg~n I ÷vBjmg~‡ni cÖeZ©b †`wL, wKš‘ ewa©Zfv‡e GB weKvkvejx GKwU mgv‡Ri cwiÿ‡qi cÖwZdjb, †hwU Gi Kei Lb‡Ki mv‡_ mvÿvr cwinvi K‡i Ges †KejgvÎ wb‡R‡K fÿY K‡i wU‡K _v‡K (survives by cannibalising itself)|

Ôhy‡×vËi mg„w×Õi mg‡q  Avwef©~Z me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx wkívwqZ ¯‹zj A¨ve÷ªv± G·‡cÖkwbRg (wb‡`b c‡ÿ wPÎv¼b I fv¯‹‡h©) Øviv GwU wPÎvwqZ nq| 1930Gi `k‡Ki mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi ¯úóvwqZ ivR‡bwZK Avav‡ii (wi‡fiv) cÖwZ  A¨ve÷ªv± G·‡cÖkwbRg AskZ GKwU cÖwZwµqv| civev¯Íeev` I BD‡ivwcq Avfuv Mv`© Øviv cÖfvevwš^Z n‡q weg~‡Z©i bvbvgvwÎK B‡gRmg~n m„R‡b GwU  ¯^ZtùzZ©, mnmvK…Z (improvisatory) ev ¯^qswµq †UKwbKmg~‡ni gva¨‡g GwU Am‡PZb aviYvejx  cÖKv‡k ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i (Pollock, Rothko, Newman, Still)| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i wefxwlKv Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi `gbg~jK hy‡×vËi cwi‡ek w`‡q cÖfvweZ n‡q, GwU D¤§y³ ivR‰bwZK Avavi cwinvi K‡i, Ges Aby‡cÖiYvi Rb¨ Avw`g wkí, cyivYZË¡ I giwgev‡`i (mysticism) w`‡K Szu‡K c‡o| GwU Ges Gi LuvwU weg~Z©‡bi KvR  VvÛv hy‡×i mg‡q gvwK©b hy³ivóª KZ…©K Gi iæk mv¤ªvwR¨K cÖwZc‡ÿi ÔmgvRZvwš¿K ev¯ÍeZvÕi weiæ‡× GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK A¯¿ wn‡m‡e A¨ve÷ªv± G·‡cÖkwbR‡gi cÖea©b mnRZi K‡i|  

wkí Ges Ôms¯‹…wZ KviLvbvÕ

hw`I ga¨-wek kZK bvMv` wkí mKj †kÖYx mgvRmg~‡ni Aeÿ‡qi aªæc`x jÿYmg~n cÖ`k©b K‡i, Zvic‡iI we‡klZ Ôhy‡×vËi ‡ZRxfveÕGi mg‡q wKQz mywbw`©ó weKvkvejx †`Lv hvq| cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡R wkí †h c×wZ‡Z Drcbœ I e›UbK…Z nq Ges †gnbwZ †kÖYxi RbMY Kxfv‡e Zvi ÔAwfÁZvÕ jvf K‡i- GB welq¸‡jvi iƒcvšÍi msNwUZ nq GB weKvkvejx Øviv| GB weKvkmg~‡ni µgea©gvb cwiYwZ n‡jv: wecøex wk‡íi DÌv‡bi Rb¨ `iKvix cvwicvwk¦©KZvi µgvMZ `ye©jvqb Ges wU‡K _vKv wkívwqZ Avfuv Mv‡`©i AšÍa©v‡bi Zivwš^ZKiY| GB weKvkmg~‡ni A‡bK¸‡jvB n‡jv Aeÿ‡qi jÿY A_ev cyuwRZš¿ KZ…©K Gi HwZnvwmK msK‡Ui Ø›Ømg~n wbim‡b cÖ‡Póvejx| †m¸‡jv‡Z AšÍf©~³:

·         Ôms¯‹…wZ KviLvbvÕi weKvk Ges Gi Øviv Drcbœ cY¨-`ªe¨vw`‡Z MY-Drcv`b †UKwbK Ges A¨v‡m¤^wj jvBb bxwZgvjvi cÖ‡qvM (m½xZ, wdj¥m, wUwf Abyôvbgvjv, BZ¨vw`)|

·         †gnbwZ †kÖYx‡K AwaKZi wbqš¿Y Ges we‡`ªv‡ni †h‡Kv‡bv jÿ‡Yi cÖkg‡b ivóªxq cyuwRZ‡š¿i Ges we‡klZ m~² fvev`wk©K nvwZqv‡ii weKvk|

·          hy‡×vËi Kv‡j †gnbwZi †kÖYxi cÖK…Z gRywii Av‡cwÿK e„w×i Ici wfwË K‡i Ô‡fvMev`x mgvRÕ Gi DÌvb Ges e¨vcK ‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ cY¨`ªe¨vw`i ewa©Z Drcv`b (AskZ FY m¤úªmviY Øviv A_©vqb K‡i)|

·         Abyrcv`bkxj  e¨q I Kg©Kv‡Ûi e„w×, †hgb wecY‡b I weÁvc‡b|             

d‡j, BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ev‡ii gZb cyuwRZš¿ wkívwqZ cY¨-`ªe¨vw` (m½xZ, PjwPÎ, BZ¨vw`) m¯Ívq Drcv`‡b mg_© nq kÖwgK †kÖYxi RbMY KZ…©K †fv‡Mi Rb¨, GwU Ki‡Z ‡h‡q, mÂq‡b GwUi cÖ‡Yv`bv †_‡K GKwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq MwZcwieZ©b wn‡m‡e wk‡íi cÖwZ Gi mnRvZ kÎæZv Rq Ki‡Z nq| GwU e¨vcKfv‡e mnRZi K‡i †`q fvev`wk©K D‡Ï‡k¨i Rb¨ wkívwqZ cY¨`ªe¨vw`i e¨envi, †KejgvÎ kÖwgK‡`i ÔAeKvk mgqÕ-G Ôwe‡bv`bÕ-Gi Dcvqmg~n †hvMvb Øviv kÖ‡gi cyiærcv`‡bi wbðqZv cÖ`v‡b mnvqZvKiY bq, m‡½ m‡½ wfbœg‡Zi ‡h‡Kv‡bv wkívwqZ cÖKv‡ki AvZ¥xKi‡YI e¨envi mnRZi K‡i †`q|

            ‡g 1968Gi msMÖv‡g BwZnv‡mi i½g‡Â hLb †cÖv‡jZvwi‡qZ cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i, ZLb Avgiv i¨vwWK¨vj wkí Av‡›`vjbmg~‡ni (AvwZ© †cv‡fiv) DÌvb †`wL wKš‘ cÖZ¨vwkZ gvÎvq bq| cwie‡Z©, BD‡ivwcq wkívwqZ Avfuv Mv‡`©i me‡P‡q i¨vwWK¨vj DËimyix wmPz‡qkwb÷MY (the Situationists) ¯^Zš¿vwqZ nq Zuv‡`i ‘the society of the spectacle’-Gi wµwUK w`‡q, ‡hgb AvgjvZvwš¿K cyuwRZš¿ Øviv ms¯‹…wZi cY¨vqb Ges bvkKZvg~jK aviYvejx cybiæ×v‡i Gi MYgva¨‡gi e¨envi, ÒRxeb, ivRbxwZ, I wk‡íi GKwU wecøex cybtk„•Ljv Avbq‡bÓ e¨envwiK K‡gv©‡`¨vMmg~‡ni Rb¨ cÖ¯Ívevejx Øviv| wmPz‡qkwb÷MY wVK Ggb GKwU gyû‡Z© GB ‘spectacle’-Gi ÿgZvi AwZiÄY K‡ib hLb cyuwRZ‡š¿i HwZnvwmK msK‡Ui cÖZ¨veZ©b msNwUZ nq, wKš‘ cybiæ×vi cwinviKi‡Y GgbwK me‡P‡q i¨vwWK¨vj wkívwqZ Kg©Kv‡Ûi Amg_©Zv wPwýZKi‡Y Zviv ev¯ÍeZvi wbKUeZ©x, hw` bv GwU mywbw`©ófv‡e ivR‰bwZK nq, A_©vr, GB mg‡q, wecøex|     

7| wkí Ges cPb (Art and decomposition)            

Gi PzovšÍ ce©, A_©vr cP‡bi c‡e© cyuwRZ‡š¿i cÖ‡e‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_, wkímn mKj gvbe ms¯‹…wZi aŸs‡mi LyeB ev¯Íe m¤¢vebv we`¨gvb, Îrw¯‹i fvlvq, hv Awbevh©iƒ‡c c‡P hv‡e Ò‡hfv‡e wMÖK wk‡í cPb msNwUZ n‡qwQj `vm‡Z¡i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ ms¯‹…wZi aŸsm¯‘‡ci Mfx‡iÓ|

            Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡c 1970Gi `kK bvMv` AvaywbK wkí miKvwi ivóªxq cyuwRZvwš¿K ms¯‹…wZi Ask n‡q c‡o| K‡c©v‡ikbmg~n I miKvwi G‡RwÝmg~n Øviv GwU mgw_©Z I fZ©ywKK„Z nq Ges hv`yNimg~‡n wbivc‡` ivLv nq| 1989-91G iæk eø‡Ki wVK Aemvb ch©šÍ kÖwgK †kÖYxi msMÖv‡gi AvbyµwgK Zi½wbPq m‡Ë¡I Avgiv †KejgvÎ wk‡íi Av‡iv cwiÿq †`wL| wk‡íi GB cwiÿq 1980 `k‡Ki †gwK A_©‰bwZK †ZRxfve Øviv Zivwš^Z nq Ges BÜbK…Z nq F‡Yi AvKw¯§K e„w× Øviv †hwU wniY¨iƒ‡c wk‡í dvUKvwqZ wewb‡qv‡Mi `ªæZ Pvwn`vi w`‡K avweZ nq| cÖwZwecøe, hy‡×vËi †ZRxfve Ges Ôwkí KviLvbvÕ ‡hwU ïiæ K‡i‡Q Zv evRv‡ii evovevwo KZ…©K aŸsm nq|

we‡klZ 1980Gi `kK †_‡K ÔDËivaywbKZvev`ÕGi DÌvb n‡jv GK A‡_© AvaywbKZvev‡`i GB `xN© mgvcwb AwfgyLx hvÎvi PzovšÍ Awbevh© ¯^xK…wZ| ÔMYZš¿vqb cÖKíÕ (democratising project) wn‡m‡e evgcš’x eyw×Rxwe‡`i (‡`wi`v cÖgyL) Dli f~wg‡Z ÔDËivaywbKZvev`ÕGi DrcwË wbwnZ| wk‡íi Rb¨ Avfuv Mv‡`©i f~wgKv Ges ¯^qs BwZnv‡m  AMÖeZ©x Av‡›`vj‡bi aviYvi cwiZ¨vMKiY‡K GwU ZË¡vqb K‡i| 1990Gi `k‡K ÔKwgDwbR‡gi AemvbÕ Ges ÔBwZnv‡mi AemvbÕ m¤úwK©Z mKj ey‡R©vqv fvev`wk©K cÖPvivwfhv‡bi m‡½ GwU wbLyuZfv‡e mvgÄm¨c~Y©, Ges †KejgvÎ mvwe©K we‰bwZKZvqb I nZvkv e„w× K‡i|

Aeÿqx cyuwRZš¿ Zvi PyovšÍ ch©vq A_©vr cPb ch©v‡q cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e©B, Avgiv wk‡íi AvMvg cPb m¤ú‡K© g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cvwi, ‡hgb Ò mKj ÔwkívwqZÕ m„wóKg© (artistic production) Gi k~b¨Mf©Zv I A_©‡jvjycZv (vacuity and venality): D‡ØM, nZvkv, cÖvÄj wPšÍvi fv½b, k~b¨Zv e¨wZ‡i‡K Avi wKQz cÖKv‡k Aÿg GB mvwnZ¨, m½xZ, wPÎKg©, ¯’vcZ¨| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GB eY©bv †ekx `~i †h‡Z cv‡ibv| wk‡í Gi wb‡R‡K aŸsmKi‡Yi GKwU cÖeYZv wPwýZ K‡i Avgiv G‡Z hv ‡hvM Ki‡Z cvwi, Zvn‡jv GwU Rvg©vb wkíx A¨vb‡mj&g KvBdv‡ii fvlvq ÔcÖwZ-wkíÕ| cPbkxj cyuwRZ‡š¿ cÖwZ-wkíI GgbwK wkí: Òwkí Ggb GKUv wKQz hv Gi wb‡Ri ‡mjmg~n‡K aŸsm K‡i| †Wwg‡qb nv÷© GKRb gnvb cÖwZ-wkíx| my_evBm-G (Sothebys) wM‡q Avcbvi wkíKg© weµq n‡jv mivmvwi Avcbvi wk‡íi aŸsmvqb| wKš‘ GwU AwZiwÄZ gvÎvq Kiv n‡j GwU wkí n‡q `uvovq . . . NUbv n‡jv GB †h 2008Gi g›`vi `yw`b c~‡e© GwU Kiv n‡j Av‡iv fv‡jv n‡Zv|Ó

nv‡÷©i gZb wkíx/D‡`¨v³vi PgKcÖ` KvR GLb cyuwRZ‡š¿i 2007 c~e©eZ©x dvUKvg~jK ey`ey‡`i Avi GKwU jÿYiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq  ˆbivwR¨K D‡Ïk¨mva‡bi evB‡i, G‡Z Av‡iv GKwU †gŠj mZ¨ we`¨gvb| G·‡cÖkwb÷ Kwe ‡iBbvi gvwiqv wij‡K (1875-1926) wkíx‡K Zzjbv K‡ib ÒGKRb b„Z¨wkíxi mv‡_ hvi MwZgqZv Zuvi ‡m‡ji cÖwZeÜKZv w`‡q jw•NZ nq| hv‡Z Zuvi c`‡ÿ‡c Ges Zuvi evû؇qi mxwgZ j‡q Awfe¨w³ A‡š^wlZ nqbv, Zuvi Aai †_‡K wbt‡kwlZ Ae¯’vq Awfe¨w³ N‡U, A_ev Dciš‘ Zuvi AvNvZ cÖvß A½ywjmg~n w`‡q Zuv‡K Zvi kix‡ii ARo †iLv¸‡jv w`‡q †`qv‡j AuvPo w`‡Z nq|Ó hw` wkíx ev¯ÍweKB GKwU †m‡j e›`xi gZb nb, ZLb cPbkxj cyuwRZ‡š¿ gnËg wkíxe„›` cuywRZvwš¿K Rxe‡bi Amnbxq Ae¯’vq Ges h_v_© wkívwqZ cÖKv‡ki Am¤¢ve¨Zvq Ô‡bvsiv cÖwZev`ÕGi mgZyj¨ Ae¯’vq cÖZ¨veZ©‡b eva¨ nb| wKš‘ GgbwK ‡m‡ji †`qvj¸‡jvI hw` Avcbvi wb‡Ri weôv w`‡q cÖ‡jc †`qv nq cY¨vqb I cybiæ×vi cwinviKi‡Y, ZeyI GwU h‡_ó bq e‡j cÖZxqgvb| †hgb, 1961G BZvwjq wkíx g¨vb‡Rvwb Zuvi wb‡Ri 90 wUb weôv w`‡q wkíKg© m„Rb K‡ib| 2007G my_evBm Zvi GKwU 124000 BD‡iv‡Z weµq K‡i|                 

Ryb 18, 2012, AvB wm wm AbjvBb †_‡K Abyev`K…Z